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This is a list of key readings
relevant to
uncertainty and precaution in biodiversity conservation and natural resource
management. Extensive general bibliographies on the precautionary are
already available elsewhere on the web (see our links page).
References are provided on
the following topics
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general
Anon (2002). Precaution
From Rio To Johannesburg. Proceedings of a Geneva Environment Network
Roundtable., UNEP/Geneva Environment Network (GEN).
Appell, D. (2001). "The New Uncertainty Principle."
Scientific American(Jan
2001): 18-19.
http://www.biotech-info.net/uncertainty.html
Commission of the European Communties (2000). Communication from the
Commission on the precautionary principle. Brussels 02/02/2000. COM (2000) 1
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/health_consumer/library/pub/pub07_en.pdf
de Sadeleer, N. (2005).
Environmental Principles: From Political
Slogans to Legal Rules.
Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Gullett, W. (1997). "Environmental protection and the "Precautionary
Principle": A response to scientific uncertainty in environmental management."
Environment and
Planning Law Journal
14: 52-69.
Harremoës, P., D. Gee, et al. (2002).
The Precautionary Principle in the 20th
Century: Late Lessons From Early Warnings.
London, Earthscan.
Holm, S. and J. Harris (1999). "Precautionary principle stifles
discovery."
Nature
400: 398.
Sand, P. (2001). The Precautionary Principle: New Legal Battleground for
Environment and Development.
Liber Amicorum Ibrahim F.I. Shihata.
S. T. Schlemmer-Schulte, K-Y. Leiden, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Sandin, P., M. Peterson, et al. (2002). "Five charges against the
precautionary principle."
Journal of Risk Research
5: 287-299.
Tickner, J. and C. Raffensperger (undated).
The Precautionary Principle In Action: A
Handbook.
Ames, Iowa, Science and Environmental Health Network.
http://www.biotech-info.net/handbook.pdf
van den Belt, H. and B. Gremmen (2002). "Between precautionary principle and
"sound science": distributing the burdens of proof."
Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 15:
103-122.
Wiener, J. (2003). "Whose Precaution After All? A Comment on the
Comparison and Evolution of Risk Regulatory Systems."
Duke Journal of Comparative and International
Law 13(3):
207.
www.law.duke.edu/journals/djcil/articles/djcil/articles/djci113p0207.htm
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biodiversity
Myers, N. (1993).
"Biodiversity and the precautionary principle." Ambio 22(2-3):
74-79.
Whelan, R. J., Brown, C.L. & Farrier, D. (2004). The precautionary
principle: what is is and how might it be applied in threatened species
conservation?
Threatened Species Legislation: Is it Just an
Act? P.
Hutchings, Lunney, D. and Dickman, C. Sydney, Royal Zoological Society of NSW.
NB: see also references in the Trade section on
invasive species
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natural resource management
Dickson, B. (1999). "The
Precautionary Principle in CITES: A critical assessment." Natural Resources
Journal 39(2): 211-228.
Dovers, S. R. (1995). "Ignorance, the precautionary principle and
sustainability."
Ambio
24(2): 92-98.
Freese, C. (1996). The commercial, consumptive use of wild species: managing it
for the benefit of biodiversity, WWF-US & WWF-International:
28-29.
See section on the precautionary
principle, pp 225-229
TRAFFIC
(2000). Discussion document on precautionary measures in CITES Resolution Conf.
9.24. Submitted at the first meeting of the CITES criteria review group, 2-4
August 2000, Australia.
http://www.cites.org/eng/prog/criteria/1st_meeting/precautionary.shtml
Wold, C.
(1994). CITES and the precautionary principle: the burden to show that a use is
sustainable. Washington, Humane Society of the United States.
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fisheries
Dzidzornu, D. M. (1998).
"Four principles in marine environment protection: a comparative analysis."
Ocean Development & International Law 29: 91-123.
FAO (1996). FAO Technical
Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries - Precautionary Approach to Capture
Fisheries and Species Introductions - 2, Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, Rome.
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/003/W3592E/W3592E00.HTM
Available
in html or pdf format in English, French and Spanish
Freestone, D. (1999). International Fisheries Law since Rio: The Continued Rise
of the Precautionary Principle.
International Law and Sustainable Development.
A. Boyle and D. Freestone. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 135-164.
Mace, P. and W. L. Gabriel (1998).
Evolution, scope and current applications of
the precautionary approach in fisheries.
pp 65-73 in Restrepo, V.R. (ed) Proceedings
of the 5th NMFS National Stock Assessment Workshop. February 24-26, 1998,
Key Largo, Florida. NOAA Technical Memo NMFS-F/SPO-40.
http://www.st.nmfs.gov/StockAssessment/workshop_documents/nsaw5/mace_gab.pdf
MacGarvin, M. (2002). Fisheries: taking stock.
The Precautionary Principle
in the 20th Century: Late Lessons From Early Warnings.
P. Harremoës, D. Gee, M. MacGarvin. London, Earthscan: 10-25.
Marr, S. A. (2000). "The southern bluefin tuna cases: the precautionary approach
and conservation and management of fish resources."
European Journal of
International Law
11(4): 815-831.
http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol11/No4/110815.pdf
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Forests
Brunnée, J. and A. Nollkaemper
(1997). "Between the forests and the trees: an emerging international forest
law." Environmental Conservation 23: 307-314.
Cotter, J., P. Johnston, et al. (2000). The precautionary principle and forest
exploitation: implications for the implementation of the FSC principle 9.
Technical Notes
08/00.
Greenpeace Research Laboratories.
http://www.greenpeace.to/publications_pdf/precaution%20and%20forests.PDF
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trade
Campbell, F. T. (2001). "The
science of risk assessment for phytosanitary regulation and the impact of
changing trade regulations." Bioscience 51(2): 148-153.
Christoforou, T. (2000).
"Settlement of science-based trade disputes in the WTO: A critical review of the
developing case law in the face of scientific uncertainty." N.Y.U.
Environmental Law Journal 8: 622-648.
Foote, G. and S. Burgiel (2005). Invasive alien species prevention strategies
and the international trade regime. Section in:
Invasive alien Species
prevention strategies: avoiding conflicts with the international trade regime,
International Union for the Conservation of Nature Global Invasive Species
Specialist Group, The Nature Conservancy joint publication.
http://www.iucn.org/congress/documents/outputs/biodiversity-loss/ias-prevention-foote-burgiel.pdf
Gehring, M. W. and M.-C. Cordonier-Segger (2003). Precaution in world trade law:
the precautionary principle and its implications for the World Trade
Organization.
CISDL Research Paper.
Montreal, Center for International Sustainable Development Law.
http://www.cisdl.org/pdf/brief_precaution_trade.pdf
McDonald (1998). "Big beef up or consumer health threat? The WTO Food Safety
Agreement. bovine growth hormone and the precautionary principle."
Environmental
and Planning Law Journal
15(2): 115-126.
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law & policy
Abouchar, J. (2002). "The
precautionary principle in Canada: The first decade." Environmental Law
Reporter 32(12): 11407-11420.
Applegate, G. (2002). "The Taming of the Precautionary Principle."
William & Mary
Environmental Law & Policy Review
27: 13.
Fisher, E. (2002). "Precaution, precaution everywhere: Developing a 'common
understanding' of the precautionary principle in the European Community."
Maastricht
Journal of European and Comparative Law
9(1): 7-28.
Government of Canada (2002).
Discussion paper on the precautionary principle. Environment Canada. Montreal,
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